Ii)Possible b/c of govt subsidies, investment capital from abroad, and combinations of RRs by Cornelius Vanderbilt, James Hill, Collis Huntington
I)Industrial development b/c of RR expansion- gave industrialists access to new markets + raw materials, spent large sums on construction and equipment First used by Henry Ford in automobile plant 1914- cut production time, prices Iii)Most impt change in production was mass production + assembly line. Ii)Emphasis on industrial research led to corporate labs (e.g. I)Principles of “scientific management” began to be employed- fathered by Frederick Taylor who argued employers subdivide tasks to decrease need for highly skilled workers, increase efficiency by doing simple tasks w/ machines At same time cnxn began btwn university research + needs of industrial economy- partnership btwn academic + commercial I)New industrial technologies lead companies to sponsor own research- General Electric established first corp lab 1900, marked decentralization of govt-sponsored research.
US govt created National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics 1915 to match Eur research Iii)Search for flight by Wright Bros lead to famous 1903 flight. Ii)First gas-car built by Duryea brothers 1903, Henry For began production 1906 By 1910 car industry major role in economy
I)Development of automobile dependent upon growth of two technologies: creation of gasoline from crude oil extraction, and 1870s Eur development of “internal combustion engine”. Oil industry also grew b/c of need to lubricate mill machinery Iii)New transportation systems emerged to serve steel industry- freighters for the Great Lakes, RRs used steel to grow + transported it (sometimes merged w/ one another). Ii)Steel industry emerged in Pennsylvania and Ohio (Pittsburgh notably)- iron industry existed, fuel could be found in PA coal I)Most impt tech development was new iron + steel production techniques- Henry Bessemer and William Kelly invented process to turn iron to steel, possible to produce large quantities and dimensions for construction, RRs
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